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Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho ye-ASTM A53

Ubunzima bombhobho wensimbi yinto ephambili kuyilo lobunjineli kunye noqikelelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ngoko ke idatha echanekileyo yobunzima ayincedi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kunye nokhuseleko lwesakhiwo kodwa ichaphazela iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo kunye namalungiselelo okuthutha.

Okulandelayo, eli nqaku liza kuchaza iitafile zobunzimaI-ASTM A53Umbhobho wentsimbi we-Plain-End kwaye uxoxe ngendlela yokubala ubunzima obuthile bombhobho ngokusekelwe kubukhulu obuhlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bodonga.

itshathi yobunzima bombhobho -ASTM A53/A53M

Amaqhosha okukhangela

Amagqabantshintshi ngeASTM A53
Iifomula zokubala ubunzima
Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho ye-ASTM A53
Izizathu zokuSetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweeShedyuli zemibhobho
Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho ye-ASTM A53 ephothiweyo kunye neDityanisiweyo
IShedyuli 40 ye-ASTM A53 Umbhobho wePlain-End
IShedyuli 80 ye-ASTM A53 Umbhobho wePlain-End

Amagqabantshintshi ngeASTM A53

I-ASTM A53ngumgangatho osetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwipayipi yensimbi ye-carbon, ephuhliswe yi-ASTM (i-American Society for Testing and Materials).Lo mgangatho uchaza iimfuno zobugcisa zombhobho wentsimbi wekhabhoni ongenamthungo kunye nokuxhathisa, osetyenziselwa ukuthutha iigesi, umphunga, amanzi kunye nolunye ulwelo kunye neenjongo ezithile zesakhiwo.Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuthembekileyo kunye nokusebenza okubanzi, iye yaba yinto ekhethiweyo kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zobunjineli.

Imimandla ephambili yesicelo kukuthuthwa kwamanzi, izakhiwo, kunye nezakhiwo, ishishini leoli kunye negesi, ukwakhiwa komatshini, kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa.

Iifomula zokubala ubunzima

Kubalwa usebenzisa ifomula yobunzima kwiASME B36.10M.

Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho ye-ASTM A53

Itheyibhile X2.2 kwi-ASTM A53 ngokweenkcukacha-manani iququzelela itshathi yobunzima bombhobho wePlain-End Pipe.

Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho -ASTM A53/A53M X2.2 pdf
NPS DN Ngaphandle Ububanzi Ukutyeba kweendonga Ukuphela kweMisa ecacileyo ubunzima
Iklasi		 Ishedyuli
Hayi.
IN MM IN MM lb/ft kg/m
1/8 6 0.405 10.3 0.068 1.73 0.24 0.37 STD 40
1/8 6 0.405 10.3 0.095 2.41 0,31 0.47 XS 80
1/4 8 0.540 13.7 0.088 2.24 0.43 0.63 STD 40
1/4 8 0.540 13.7 0.119 3.02 0.54 0.80 XS 80
3/8 10 0.675 17.1 0.091 2.31 0.57 0.84 STD 40
3/8 10 0.675 17.1 0.126 3.20 0.74 1.10 XS 80
1/2 15 0.840 21.3 0.109 2.77 0.85 1.27 STD 40
1/2 15 0.840 21.3 0.147 3.73 1.09 1.62 XS 80
1/2 15 0.840 21.3 0.188 4.78 1.31 1.95   160
1/2 15 0.840 21.3 0.294 7.47 1.72 2.55 XXS  
3/4 20 1.050 26.7 0.113 2.87 1.13 1.69 STD 40
3/4 20 1.050 26.7 0.154 3.91 1.48 2.20 XS 80
3/4 20 1.050 26.7 0.219 5.56 1.95 2.90   160
3/4 20 1.050 26.7 0.308 7.82 2.44 3.64 XXS  
1 25 1.315 33.4 0.133 3.38 1.68 2.50 STD 40
1 25 1.315 33.4 0.179 4.55 2.17 3.24 XS 80
1 25 1.315 33.4 0.250 6.35 2.85 4.24   160
1 25 1.315 33.4 0.382 9.70 5.22 7.77 XXS  
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.145 3.68 2.72 4.05 STD 40
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.200 5.08 3.63 5.41 XS 80
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.281 7.14 4.86 7.25   160
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.400 10.16 6.41 9.56 XXS  
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.154 3.91 3.66 5.44 STD 40
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.218 5.54 5.03 7.48 XS 80
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.344 8.74 7.47 11.11   160
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.436 11.07 9.04 13.44 XXS  
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.203 5.16 5.80 8.63 STD 40
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.276 7.01 7.67 11.41 XS 80
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.375 9.52 10.02 14.90   160
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.552 14.02 13.71 20.39 XXS  
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.125 3.18 4.51 6.72    
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.156 3.96 5.58 8.29    
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.188 4.78 6.66 9.92    
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.216 5.49 7.58 11.29 STD 40
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.250 6.35 8.69 12.93    
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.281 7.14 9.67 14.40    
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.300 7.62 10.26 15.27 XS 80
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.438 11.13 14.34 21.35   160
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.600 15.24 18.60 27.68 XXS  
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.125 3.18 5.18 7.72    
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.156 3.96 6.41 9.53    
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.188 4.78 7.66 11.41    
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.226 5.74 9.12 13.57 STD 40
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.250 6.35 10.02 14.92    
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.281 7.14 11.17 16.63    
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.318 8.08 12.52 18.63 XS 80
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.125 3.18 5.85 8.71    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.156 3.96 7.24 10.78    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.188 4.78 8.67 12.91    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.219 5.56 10.02 14.91    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.237 6.02 10.80 16.07 STD 40
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.250 6.35 11.36 16.90    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.281 7.14 12.67 18.87    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.312 7.92 13.97 20.78    
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.337 8.56 15.00 22.32 XS 80
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.438 11.13 19.02 28.32   120
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.531 13.49 22.53 33.54   160
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.674 17.12 27.57 41.03 XXS  
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.156 3.96 9.02 13.41    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.188 4.78 10.80 16.09    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.219 5.56 12.51 18.61    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.258 6.55 14,63 21.77 STD 40
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.281 7.14 15.87 23.62    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.312 7.92 17.51 26.05    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.344 8.74 19.19 28.57    
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.375 9.52 20.80 30.94 XS 80
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.500 12.70 27.06 40.28   120
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.625 15.88 32.99 49.11   160
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.750 19.05 38.59 57.43 XXS  
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.188 4.78 12.94 19.27    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.219 5.56 15.00 22.31    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.250 6.35 17.04 25.36    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.280 7.11 18.99 28.26 STD 40
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.312 7.92 21.06 31.32    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.344 8.74 23.10 34.39    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.375 9.52 25.05 37.28    
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.432 10.97 28.60 42.56 XS 80
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.562 14.27 36.43 54.20   120
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.719 18.26 45.39 67.56   160
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.864 21.95 53.21 79.22 XXS  
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.188 4.78 16.96 25.26    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.203 5.16 18.28 27.22    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.219 5.56 19.68 29.28    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.250 6.35 22.38 33.31   20
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.277 7.04 24.72 36.31   30
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.312 7.92 27.73 41.24    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.322 8.18 28.58 42.55 STD 40
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.344 8.74 30.45 45.34    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.375 9.52 33.07 49.20    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.406 10.31 35.67 53.08   60
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.438 11.13 38.33 57.08    
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.500 12.70 43.43 64.64 XS 80
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.594 15.09 51.00 75.92   100
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.719 18.26 60.77 90.44   120
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.812 20.62 67.82 100.92   140
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.875 22.22 72.49 107.88 XXS  
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.906 23.01 74.76 111.27   160
10 250 10.75 273 0.188 4.78 21.23 31.62    
10 250 10.75 273 0.203 5.16 22.89 34.08    
10 250 10.75 273 0.219 5.56 24.65 36.67    
10 250 10.75 273 0.250 6.35 28.06 41.75   20
10 250 10.75 273 0.279 7.09 31.23 46.49    
10 250 10.75 273 0.307 7.80 34.27 51.01   30
10 250 10.75 273 0.344 8.74 38.27 56.96    
10 250 10.75 273 0.365 9.27 40.52 60.29 STD 40
10 250 10.75 273 0.438 11.13 48.28 71.87    
10 250 10.75 273 0.500 12.70 54.79 81.52 XS 60
10 250 10.75 273 0.594 15.09 64.49 95.97   80
10 250 10.75 273 0.719 18.26 77.10 114.70   100
10 250 10.75 273 0.844 21.44 89.38 133.00   120
10 250 10.75 273 1.000 25.40 104.23 155.09 XXS 140
10 250 10.75 273 1.125 28.57 115.75 172.21   160
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.203 5.16 27.23 40.55    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.219 5.56 29.34 43.63    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.250 6.35 33.41 49.71   20
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.281 7.14 37.46 55.75    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.312 7.92 41.48 61.69    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.330 8.38 43.81 65.18   30
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.344 8.74 45.62 67.90    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.375 9.52 49.61 73.78 STD  
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.406 10.31 53.57 79.70   40
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.438 11.13 57.65 85.82    
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.500 12.70 65.48 97.43 XS  
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.562 14.27 73.22 108.92   60
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.688 17.48 88.71 132.04   80
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.844 21.44 107.42 159.86   100
12 300 12.75 323.8 1.000 25.40 125.61 186.91 XXS 120
12 300 12.75 323.8 1.125 28.57 139.81 208.00   140
12 300 12.75 323.8 1.312 33.32 160.42 238.68   160
14 350 14 355.6 0.210 5.33 30.96 46.04    
14 350 14 355.6 0.219 5.56 32.26 47.99    
14 350 14 355.6 0.250 6.35 36.75 54.69   10
14 350 14 355.6 0.281 7.14 41.21 61.35    
14 350 14 355.6 0.312 7.92 45.65 67.90   20
14 350 14 355.6 0.344 8.74 50.22 74.76    
14 350 14 355.6 0.375 9.52 54.62 81.25 STD 30
14 350 14 355.6 0.438 11.13 63.50 94.55   40
14 350 14 355.6 0.469 11.91 67.84 100.94    
14 350 14 355.6 0.500 12.70 72.16 107.39 XS  
14 350 14 355.6 0.594 15.09 85.13 126.71   60
14 350 14 355.6 0.750 19.05 106.23 158.10   80
14 350 14 355.6 0.938 23.83 130.98 194.96   100
14 350 14 355.6 1.094 27.79 150.93 224.65   120
14 350 14 355.6 1.250 31.75 170.37 253.56   140
14 350 14 355.6 1.406 35.71 189.29 281.70   160
14 350 14 355.6 2.000 50.80 256.56 381.83    
14 350 14 355.6 2.125 53.97 269.76 401.44    
14 350 14 355.6 2.200 55.88 277.51 413.01    
14 350 14 355.6 2.500 63.50 307.34 457.40    
16 400 16 406.4 0.219 5.56 36.95 54.96    
16 400 16 406.4 0.250 6.35 42.09 62.64   10
16 400 16 406.4 0.281 7.14 47.22 70.30    
16 400 16 406.4 0.312 7.92 52.32 77.83   20
16 400 16 406.4 0.344 8.74 57.57 85.71    
16 400 16 406.4 0.375 9.52 62.64 93.17 STD 30
16 400 16 406.4 0.438 11.13 72.86 108.49    
16 400 16 406.4 0.469 11.91 77.87 115.86    
16 400 16 406.4 0.500 12.70 82.85 123.30 XS 40
16 400 16 406.4 0.656 16.66 107.60 160.12   60
16 400 16 406.4 0.844 21.44 136.74 203.53   80
16 400 16 406.4 1.031 26.19 164.98 245.56   100
16 400 16 406.4 1.219 30.96 192.61 286.64   120
16 400 16 406.4 1.438 36.53 223.85 333.19   140
16 400 16 406.4 1.594 40.49 245.48 365.35   160
18 450 18 457 0.250 6.35 47.44 70.60   10
18 450 18 457 0.281 7.14 53.23 79.24    
18 450 18 457 0.312 7.92 58.99 87.75   20
18 450 18 457 0.344 8.74 64.93 96.66    
18 450 18 457 0.375 9.52 70.65 105.10 STD  
18 450 18 457 0.406 10.31 76.36 113.62    
18 450 18 457 0.438 11.13 82.23 122.43   30
18 450 18 457 0.469 11.91 87.89 130.78    
18 450 18 457 0.500 12.70 93.54 139.20 XS  
18 450 18 457 0.562 14.27 104.76 155.87   40
18 450 18 457 0.750 19.05 138.30 205.83   60
18 450 18 457 0.938 23.83 171.08 254.67   80
18 450 18 457 1.156 29.36 208.15 309.76   100
18 450 18 457 1.375 34.92 244.37 363.64   120
18 450 18 457 1.562 39.67 274.48 408.45   140
18 450 18 457 1.781 45.24 308.79 459.59   160
20 500 20 508 0.250 6.35 52.78 78.55   10
20 500 20 508 0.281 7.14 59.23 88.19    
20 500 20 508 0.312 7.92 65.66 97.67    
20 500 20 508 0.344 8.74 72.28 107.60    
20 500 20 508 0.375 9.52   78.67 STD 20
20 500 20 508 0.406 10.31 84.04 126.53    
20 500 20 508 0.438 11.13 91.59 136.37    
20 500 20 508 0.469 11.91 97.92 145.70    
20 500 20 508 0.500 12.70 104.23 155.12 XS 30
20 500 20 508 0.594 15.09 123.23 183.42   40
20 500 20 508 0.812 20.62 166.56 247.83   60
20 500 20 508 1.031 26.19 209.06 311.17   80
20 500 20 508 1.281 32.54 256.34 381.53   100
20 500 20 508 1.500 38.10 296.65 441.49   120
20 500 20 508 1.750 44.45 341.41 508.11   140
20 500 20 508 1.969 50.01 379.53 564.81   160
24 600 24 610 0.250 6.35 63.47 94.46   10
24 600 24 610 0.281 7.14 71.25 106.08    
24 600 24 610 0.312 7.92 79.01 117.51    
24 600 24 610 0.344 8.74 86.99 129.50    
24 600 24 610 0.375 9.52 94.71 140.88 STD 20
24 600 24 610 0.406 10.31 102.40 152.37    
24 600 24 610 0.438 11.13 110.32 164.26    
24 600 24 610 0.469 11.91 117.98 175.54    
24 600 24 610 0.500 12.70 125.61 186.94 XS  
24 600 24 610 0.562 14.27 140.81 209.50   30
24 600 24 610 0.688 17.48 171.45 255.24   40
24 600 24 610 0.938 23.83 231.25 344.23    
24 600 24 610 0.969 24.61 238.57 355.02   60
24 600 24 610 1.219 30.96 296.86 441.78   80
24 600 24 610 1.531 38.89 367.74 547.33   100
24 600 24 610 1.812 46.02 429.79 639.58   120
24 600 24 610 2.062 52.37 483.57 719.63   140
24 600 24 610 2.344 59.54 542.64 807.63   160
26 650 26 660 0.250 6.35 68.82 102.42    
26 650 26 660 0.281 7.14 77.26 115.02    
26 650 26 660 0.312 7.92 85.68 127.43   10
26 650 26 660 0.344 8.74 94.35 140.45    
26 650 26 660 0.375 9.52 102.72 152.80 STD  
26 650 26 660 0.406 10.31 111.08 165.28    
26 650 26 660 0.438 11.13 119.69 178.20    
26 650 26 660 0.469 11.91 128.00 190.46    
26 650 26 660 0.500 12.70 136.30 202.85 XS 20
26 650 26 660 0.562 14.27 152.83 227.37    

Uluhlu lwenguqu yobunzima bombhobho wensimbi aluyi kudlula ± 10% yobunzima obuchaziweyo.

Izizathu zokuSetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweeShedyuli zemibhobho

Ulwahlulo lweshedyuli yemibhobho yentsimbi lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ikakhulu kuba lubonelela ngenkqubo esemgangathweni yokumisela ubukhulu bodonga kunye nobubanzi bangaphandle bemibhobho yokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lwemisebenzi yobunjineli.

Ishedyuli yombhobho inceda ukwenza lula inkqubo yoyilo, iqinisekise ukuhambelana kwemibhobho eveliswa ngabavelisi abahlukeneyo, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, ukuqhelanisa noxinzelelo olusebenzayo kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ifumene ukwamkelwa okubanzi kwamazwe ngamazwe, igalelo ekubekweni emgangathweni kweeprojekthi zobunjineli kunye neemveliso kwihlabathi jikelele.

Itshathi yobunzima bombhobho ye-ASTM A53 ephothiweyo kunye neDityanisiweyo

I-ASTM A53 Itheyibhile ye-X2.3 yeTshati yoBubunzima boMbhobho yoMbhobho oFakelwe imisonto kunye noDityanisiweyo.

IShedyuli 40 ye-ASTM A53 Umbhobho wePlain-End

Idatha ekweli candelo isuka kwi-ASTM A530, kwiTheyibhile X2.2, iiWeights of Steel Pipe Ends with Flat Ends, ezifanayo namaxabiso kwi.ASME B36.10M.

NPS DN Ngaphandle Ububanzi Ukutyeba kweendonga Ukuphela kweMisa ecacileyo Sibhozo
Iklasi		 Ishedyuli
Hayi.
IN MM IN MM lb/ft kg/m
1/8 6 0.41 10.30 0.07 1.73 0.24 0.37 STD 40
1/4 8 0.54 13.70 0.09 2.24 0.43 0.63 STD 40
3/8 10 0.68 17.10 0.09 2.31 0.57 0.84 STD 40
1/2 15 0.84 21.30 0.11 2.77 0.85 1.27 STD 40
3/4 20 1.05 26.70 0.11 2.87 1.13 1.69 STD 40
1 25 1.32 33.40 0.13 3.38 1.68 2.50 STD 40
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.15 3.68 2.72 4.05 STD 40
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.15 3.91 3.66 5.44 STD 40
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.20 5.16 5.80 8.63 STD 40
3 80 3.500 88.90 0.22 5.49 7.58 11.29 STD 40
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.60 0.23 5.74 9.12 13.57 STD 40
4 100 4.500 114.30 0.24 6.02 10.80 16.07 STD 40
5 125 5.56 141.30 0.26 6.55 14,63 21.77 STD 40
6 150 6.63 168.30 0.28 7.11 18.99 28.26 STD 40
8 200 8.63 219.10 0.32 8.18 28.58 42.55 STD 40
10 250 10.75 273.00 0.37 9.27 40.52 60.29 STD 40
12 300 12.75 323.80 0.406 10.31 53.57 79.70   40
14 350 14.00 355.60 0.44 11.13 63.50 94.55   40
16 400 16.00 406.40 0.500 12.70 82.85 123.30 XS 40
18 450 18.00 457.00 0.56 14.27 104.76 155.87   40
20 500 20.00 508.00 0.59 15.09 123.23 183.42   40
24 600 24.00 610.00 0.69 17.48 171.45 255.24   40

IShedyuli 80 ye-ASTM A53 Umbhobho wePlain-End

NPS DN Ngaphandle Ububanzi Ukutyeba kweendonga Ukuphela kweMisa ecacileyo Sibhozo
Iklasi		 Ishedyuli
Hayi.
IN MM IN MM lb/ft kg/m
1/8 6 0.405 10.3 0.095 2.41 0,31 0.47 XS 80
1/4 8 0.54 13.7 0.119 3.02 0.54 0.80 XS 80
3/8 10 0.675 17.1 0.126 3.20 0.74 1.10 XS 80
1/2 15 0.84 21.3 0.147 3.73 1.09 1.62 XS 80
3/4 20 1.05 26.7 0.154 3.91 1.48 2.20 XS 80
1 25 1.315 33.4 0.179 4.55 2.17 3.24 XS 80
1 1/2 40 1.900 48.3 0.200 5.08 3.63 5.41 XS 80
2 50 2.375 60.3 0.218 5.54 5.03 7.48 XS 80
2 1/2 65 2.875 73.0 0.276 7.01 7.67 11.41 XS 80
3 80 3.500 88.9 0.300 7.62 10.26 15.27 XS 80
3 1/2 90 4.000 101.6 0.318 8.08 12.52 18.63 XS 80
4 100 4.500 114.3 0.337 8.56 15.00 22.32 XS 80
5 125 5.563 141.3 0.375 9.52 20.80 30.94 XS 80
6 150 6.625 168.3 0.432 10.97 28.60 42.56 XS 80
8 200 8.625 219.1 0.500 12.70 43.43 64.64 XS 80
10 250 10.75 273 0.594 15.09 64.49 95.97   80
12 300 12.75 323.8 0.688 17.48 88.71 132.04   80
14 350 14 355.6 0.750 19.05 106.23 158.10   80
16 400 16 406.4 0.844 21.44 136.74 203.53   80
18 450 18 457 0.938 23.83 171.08 254.67   80
20 500 20 508 1.031 26.19 209.06 311.17   80
24 600 24 610 1.219 30.96 296.86 441.78   80

Singumvelisi wemibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni ekumgangatho ophezulu odityanisiweyo kunye nomthengisi ovela eChina, kunye nesitokhwe semibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo, ekunika uluhlu olubanzi lwezisombululo zemibhobho yentsimbi!

tags:astm a53, itshathi yobunzima bombhobho, umbhobho ocacileyo, ababoneleli, abavelisi, iifektri, iifektri, iinkampani, ihoseyili, thenga, ixabiso, ikowuti, isambuku, intengiso, ixabiso.

Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-05-2024
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